What is the computer processing of human-written or spoken text known as?

Natural language processing is the correct choice because it refers specifically to the computer techniques and algorithms that enable machines to understand, interpret, and generate human language in a meaningful way. This field encompasses various applications, including speech recognition, language translation, sentiment analysis, and conversational agents, effectively bridging the gap between human communication and computer understanding. Through natural language processing, computers can process and analyze vast amounts of text or spoken words, allowing for interactions that feel more natural to users.

The other options are distinct fields that do not specifically pertain to the understanding of human language. Data mining involves the analysis of large datasets to uncover patterns and extract useful information, while nanoinformatics focuses on data and information management at the nanoscale, often relevant in scientific research. Niche applications refer to specific software or tools designed for specialized tasks, which can occur across various fields but do not center on the processing of human language.