What does the term "infrastructure" commonly refer to in information systems?

The term "infrastructure" in the context of information systems typically refers to the underlying framework that enables data processing, communication, and connectivity. This includes both the hardware, such as servers, routers, and switches, and the software that facilitates the connections between computers and users, like operating systems and network protocols. This infrastructure is essential for establishing a functioning network where data flows seamlessly.

By focusing on how hardware and software come together to facilitate communication and data exchange, this choice captures the broad concept of infrastructure in information systems. The other options, while relevant to various aspects of information systems, do not encompass the complete idea of infrastructure. For instance, data storage systems and policies governing data usage are components of an information system but do not represent the entirety of the infrastructure required for connectivity and communication.